Course Content
Module 1: Foundations of Research and Thesis Development
Upon completion of this module, residents will be able to: • Understand the thesis requirements and academic standards in basic and paraclinical sciences. • Identify feasible research topics aligned with departmental resources and expertise. • Formulate clear, testable research questions using established frameworks.
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Research Methodology and Biostatistics for Postgraduate Residents in Basic Sciences and Paraclinical Sciences

Learning Objectives:

By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:

  1. Compare cross-sectional, case–control, and cohort study designs in terms of applications and limitations
  2. Define exposure, outcome, and confounding in observational research
  3. Calculate and interpret odds ratios and relative risk
  4. Distinguish between statistical association and causation in observational findings
  5. Choose an appropriate observational design when experimental design is not feasible

Content:

  • Cross-sectional studies: Applications and limitations
  • Case–control studies: Case definition; Control selection; Recall and selection bias
  • Cohort studies: Prospective vs. retrospective
  • Matching strategies and confounding control
  • Measures of association: Odds ratio, and Relative risk
  • Interpreting association vs. causation
  • Choosing observational designs when experiments are not feasible