Course Content
Module 1: Foundations of Research and Thesis Development
Upon completion of this module, residents will be able to: • Understand the thesis requirements and academic standards in basic and paraclinical sciences. • Identify feasible research topics aligned with departmental resources and expertise. • Formulate clear, testable research questions using established frameworks.
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Research Methodology and Biostatistics for Postgraduate Residents in Basic Sciences and Paraclinical Sciences

Learning Objectives:

By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:

  1. Classify research variables as categorical, ordinal, or continuous and select appropriate summary statistics
  2. Calculate and interpret measures of central tendency and dispersion
  3. Assess whether a dataset follows a normal distribution using appropriate methods
  4. Distinguish between standard error and standard deviation in research reporting
  5. Construct and interpret confidence intervals correctly

Content:

  • Role of biostatistics in scientific inference
  • Types of variables: Categorical (nominal, binary), Ordinal, Continuous
  • Scales of measurement and implications for analysis
  • Measures of central tendency: Mean, Median, Mode
  • Measures of dispersion: Range, Standard deviation, Interquartile range
  • Normal distribution: Properties, Assessing normality
  • Data transformation and when it is justified
  • Standard error vs standard deviation
  • Confidence intervals: Meaning and interpretation
  • Why “mean ± SD” is often misused
Exercise Files
Data Collection.pdf
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